Kekuatan Sosialisasi dalam Paradiplomasi Kedaulatan Bangsa Kurdi di Timur Tengah
Keywords:
KRG, Kurdi, Paradiplomacy, Sovereign Paradiplomacy, ProtodiplomacyAbstract
While the trend of cooperation on the globalization era is rising, the cities involvement on the diplomatic activities is increasing. The central government also encourages the paradiplomacy considering the benefits that will return to its state. However, recently, paradiplomacy has also been carried out not only to pursue the economic interests and development aspects but also to fight for security, identity, and sovereignty aspect. Several cities and even autonomous regions have shown the ability to implement and develop their paradiplomacy. This article using qualitative approach to examine sovereign paradiplomacy of the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) which was established as an autonomy region within Iraq. The KRG has long demanded for independence and has even been able to expand its paradiplomacy to the Middle East and the world. The KRG's paradiplomacy is successful and strong enough which is can be seen when referendum was be held by KRG in 2017. The KRG has the power of socialization and shared the values as a form of construction that the KRG has carried out for a long time on its paradiplomacy. The KRG has repeatedly stated that the KRG's paradiplomacy is constitutionally valid. Though, KRG always shows a cooperative attitude and expertise in diplomacy. He was even able to show the similarity of the values of the Kurdish identity and the identity of anti-terorism and democracy as the basis for cooperation, even the values that became the basis for the acceptance of Kurdish paradiplomacy by countries in the Middle East.
Downloads
References
Ababakr, Y. M. (2020). Iraqi Kurdistan Region: From paradiplomacy to protodiplomacy. Review of Economics and Political Science. Iraq: Emerald Publishing, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1108/REPS-01-2020-0002
Abbas Zadeh, Y., & Kirmanj, S. (2017). The Para-Diplomacy of the Kurdistan Region in Iraq and the Kurdish Statehood Enterprise. The Middle East Journal, 71(4), 587–606. https://doi.org/10.3751/71.4.14
Aldecoa, F. and Keating, M. (Eds). (1999). Paradiplomacy in Action: The Foreign Relations of Subnational Governments, London: Frank Cass, pp. 40-59.
Assri, B. C. A. (2021). Konflik Minoritas di Timur Tengah: Studi Kasus Konflik Etnis Kurdi. Journal Middle East and Islamic Studies, 8(1).
Cornago, Neo. (1999), “Diplomacy and paradiplomacy in the redefinition of international security: Diminutions of conflict and cooperation”, in Aldecoa, F. and Keating, M. (Eds), Paradiplomacy in Action: The Foreign Relations of Subnational Governments, Frank Cass, London, pp. 40-59.
Dana Ali Salih, Bakhan Ako Najmalddin. (2016). Paradiplomacy of the Kurdistan Region after 2003: present and future”, Journal of college of Law for Legal and Political Sciences, Iraq: University of Sulaimani, 2016.
Danisworo, Tunggul Ganggas, dkk. (2013). Dinamika Gerakan Etnonasionalisme Kurdi Irak. Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan. Studi Kajian Periode 1979-2012, 2013.
Dauli, Tito, Ashfar. (2019). Strategi Suku Kurdi Irak dalam Membentuk Pemerintahan Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) Tahun 2005-2009. Malang: Universitas Airlangga.
El-Dessouki, A.I. Paradiplomacy: the international agency of region governments: a comparative study of some regions, PHD Thesis, Cairo University, Cairo FARS News Agency. 2013. Iraqi Kurdistan: Expanding Trade Cooperation With Iran, 2008. Diakses melalui https://www.unpo.org/article/15693 pada tanggal 9 Maret 2022
Guzzini, S., & Leander, A. (t.t.). (2006). Constructivism and International Relations. New York: Routledge, 269.
Klotz, Audie, dan Cecelia Lynch. (2007). Strategies for Research in Constructivist International Relations. International Relations in a Constructed World. Armonk, N. Y: M.E. Sharpe, 2007.
Kurdistan Region Presidency, 2015. Available at: http://www.presidency.krd/english/contact.asp
Kuznetsov, A.S. (2015). Theory and Practice of Paradiplomacy: Subnational Governments in International Affairs, London: Routledge, 2015.
Mingus, M. S. (2006). Transnationalism and Subnational Paradiplomacy: Are Governance Networks Perforating Sovereignty?, International Journal of Public Administration, 29(8), 577–594, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900690500455305
Cornago, Noé. (1999). Diplomacy and Paradiplomacy in The Redefinition of International Security- Dimensions of Conflict and Cooperation. Regional & Federal Studies. University of California, 9(1), 20, 1999
Salih, D. A. and B. A. N. (2016). Paradiplomacy of the Kurdistan Region After 2003: Present and Future. Journal of Law, Policy and Globalization, 53, 2016. https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JLPG/article/viewFile/33263/34161
Sahide, Ahmad. (2013). Suku Kurdi dan Potensi Konflik di Timur Tengah. Jurnal Hubungan Internasional. Vol.2. No.2. Jogyakarta: Universitas Muhadiyah Jogjakarta. https://doi.org/10.18196/hi.2013.0035.139-145
Schiavon, Jorge A.(2019). Comparative Paradiplomacy. London: Routledge.
Kirmanj, Sherko. (2017).“The Para-diplomacy of the Kurdistan Regionin Iraq and The Kurdish Statehood Enterprise”, The Middle East Journal, October
Palani, K. (2022). Kurdistan’s De Facto Statehood: A New Explanatory Framework (1 ed.). London: Routledge,. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003290704
Tavares, R. (2016). Paradiplomacy: Cities and States as Global Players. New York: Oxford University Press, 2016.
Tinti, Alessandro. (2021). Oil and National Identity in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq: Conflicts at the Frontier of Petro-Capitalism. 1 ed. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003161103.
Tubilewicz, C., & Omond, N. (2021) The United States’ Subnational Relations with Divided China: A Constructivist Approach to Paradiplomacy (1 ed.). New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003166429
Uyanik, M. Turkey and the KRG After the Referendum: Blocking the Path to Independence. Jakarta: CSIS, 2017, November 22. https://www.csis.org/analysis/turkey-and-krg-after-referendum-blocking-path-independence
Phillips, L., David. Humanitarian Cooperation Between Kurds In Iraq and Syria, 2020. Diakses melalui http://www.humanrightscolumbia.org/news/humanitarian-cooperation-between-kurds- iraq-and-syria pada tanggal 9 Maret 2022.
Voller, Yaniv. Second-Generation Liberation Wars: Rethinking Colonialism in Iraqi Kurdistan and Southern Sudan. 1 ed. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009071840.
Wendt, Alexander. (1999). Social Theory of International Politics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
Williams, P. D. (2013). Williams, Paul D. - Security studies: an introduction (2013, Routledge).pdf. Routledge.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2024 Gita Karisma, Moh Nizar, Indra Jaya Wiranata, Sonya Mumtaz
![Creative Commons License](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-sa/4.0/88x31.png)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.